Technology-Based Assessment Innovation in Islamic Religious Education: A Systematic Literature Review of Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract

The development of digital technology has brought significant changes in the world of education, including in the learning assessment system for Islamic Religious Education (PAI). This study aims to identify and analyze the opportunities and challenges of implementing technology-based assessment innovation in PAI subjects in Indonesia. This research employs a systematic literature review (SLR) method by analyzing various bibliographic sources including scientific journal articles, textbooks, and relevant educational policy documents published in the last ten years. The results of the study show that technology-based assessment innovation offers various strategic opportunities, including: improved objectivity of assessment, efficiency of time and educators' effort, ease of access and flexibility of assessment, and the ability to produce faster and more accurate feedback. On the other hand, there are a number of challenges that need to be anticipated, including: the digital infrastructure gap between institutions, the low technology competence of some PAI educators, resistance to changing assessment paradigms, and issues of academic integrity in online assessment. This study concludes that the implementation of technology-based assessment in PAI requires a comprehensive approach, involving strengthening teacher capacity, sustainable policy support, and adaptation of assessment instruments that continue to accommodate the spiritual and character dimensions in Islamic learning. These findings have significant implications for the development of PAI educators' digital competency, particularly in the areas of designing digital assessment instruments, utilizing Learning Management Systems (LMS), and integrating the TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) framework in daily assessment practices. Furthermore, the findings imply the urgent need for affirmative government policies to ensure equitable digital infrastructure across Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia, so that technology-based assessment innovation can be implemented fairly and effectively in both urban and rural contexts.